Chitetezo cha Mphezi ndi Kugawa Mphamvu mu Nyengo ya Mvula

"Inali nthawi ya 3 koloko m'mawa, ndipo mwadzidzidzi malo ogwirira ntchito anada mdima wonse, makina onse atazima ndipo fungo lochepa loyaka likuchokera m'bokosi logawa magetsi——" Izi ndi zomwe zinachitikira a Ahmad, woyang'anira ntchito ndi kukonza mafakitale amagetsi ku Penang, Malaysia. Sabata yatha, mvula yamkuntho yamphamvu inagunda derali. Chifukwa cha chitetezo chosakwanira cha mphezi pamakina ogawa magetsi a fakitale, magetsi opangidwa ndi mphezi analowa m'mizere ndikuphwanya mwachindunji choyatsira magetsi chachikulu cha malo ogwirira ntchito, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti ntchito yopangira iimitsidwe kwa maola oposa 8 pafakitale yonse. Izi sizinangopangitsa kuti maoda a MYR 55,000 awonongeke komanso ndalama zina zowonjezera za MYR 13,000 zosinthira choyatsira magetsi ndikuyang'ana mizere. Kulowa munyengo yamvula, mvula yamkuntho imachitika kawirikawiri. Monga "wakupha wosawoneka" wa makina ogawa magetsi, mphezi nthawi zambiri zimayambitsa zolakwika monga kuwonongeka kwa choyatsira magetsi, mizere yayifupi, ndi kupsa kwa zida, ndipo zitha kubweretsanso ngozi zachitetezo monga moto ndi kugwedezeka kwa magetsi. Pa zochitika zosiyanasiyana monga mafakitale, nyumba zamaofesi, mapaki, ndi malo atsopano opangira magetsi, kuchita ntchito yabwino yoteteza mphezi ndi kugawa mphamvu nthawi yamvula, makamaka kuteteza mphezi pazida zazikulu monga ma circuit breaker, sikulinso "chinthu chosankha", koma "funso lofunika kuyankha" kuti zitsimikizire kuti kupanga ndi moyo zikuyenda bwino komanso kupewa kutayika kwa katundu.

Chofunikira kwambiri pa chitetezo cha mphezi nthawi yamvula ndi ichi: mphezi zimakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kuwonongeka (kugunda kwa mphezi mwachindunji, kugunda kwa mphezi koyambitsidwa, kulowa kwa mafunde a mphezi) ndipo zimawononga mwadzidzidzi komanso mowononga kwambiri. Mu dongosolo logawa mphamvu, zotchingira ma circuit, monga "alonda oteteza" a mizere ndi zida, sizimangokhala cholumikizira chofunikira kwambiri pachitetezo cha mphezi komanso chimodzi mwa zida zomwe zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kugunda kwa mphezi. Mabizinesi ambiri nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi kusamvetsetsana kwamalingaliro, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chitetezo cha mphezi chilephereke ndipo pamapeto pake zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa zida ndi kutayika kwachuma. Ndipotu, chitetezo cha mphezi pakugawa mphamvu nthawi yamvula ndi ntchito yokhazikika, yoyang'ana kwambiri mfundo zitatu zazikulu za "kuteteza, kuletsa, ndi kuletsa". Mfundo zitatu zofunika kwambiri ndi izi, zomwe zafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane ndi zochitika zinazake kuti zikuthandizeni kumvetsetsa mwachangu njira zazikulu:

Mfundo Yofunika 1: Sankhani Chotsukira Ma Circuit Choyenera Chotetezedwa ndi Mphezi kuti Mupange "Mzere Woyamba wa Chitetezo" cha Kugawa Mphamvu

Monga chida chachikulu chotetezera makina ogawa magetsi, magwiridwe antchito oteteza magetsi a ma circuit breaker amatsimikiza mwachindunji kuthekera kwa makina ogawa magetsi kuti asagwere mphezi. Mphamvu yamagetsi yothamanga nthawi yomweyo komanso mphamvu yayikulu yomwe imabwera chifukwa cha mphezi nthawi yamvula imatha kuswa mosavuta gawo loteteza magetsi la ma circuit breaker wamba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma circuit breaker agwe, kuwonongeka kwa ma circuit breaker, komanso ma line short circuit. Chifukwa chake, chofunika kwambiri pa chitetezo cha magetsi nthawi yamvula ndikusankha ma circuit breaker apadera omwe ali ndi ntchito zoteteza mphezi malinga ndi zofunikira pa malo, osati ma circuit breaker wamba. Chonde samalani ndi mfundo ziwiri izi:

1.Kusankha Kolondola Kuti Kugwirizane ndi Zochitika:Zotsekereza za circuit zotetezedwa ndi mphezi sizigwira ntchito "mofanana" ndipo ziyenera kusankhidwa kutengera miyeso iwiri yapakati:

① Mlingo wa magetsi: Yerekezerani mphamvu ya magetsi yomwe yaikidwa mu dongosolo logawa magetsi kuti mupewe kuchulukira kwa magetsi kapena chitetezo chosakwanira;

② Mphamvu ya mphezi: Kwa madera omwe mphezi zimachitikira pafupipafupi (monga madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi madera amapiri ku Southeast Asia), perekani zinthu zomwe zimatha kupirira kugwedezeka kwa ≥20kA. Zinthu zakunja ziyeneranso kukwaniritsa chitetezo cha IP54 kapena kupitirira apo kuti zisatenthe kwambiri, chinyezi chambiri komanso kukokoloka kwa mvula.

2.Ntchito Yogwirizana, Yofunika Kwambiri:Ma circuit breaker otetezedwa ndi mphezi ayenera kugwira ntchito mogwirizana ndi Surge Protective Devices (SPD) kuti awonjezere mphamvu yoteteza mphezi — SPD ili ndi udindo woletsa mphamvu yamagetsi yothamanga mwachangu mumzere (yomwe imatha kuletsa kupitirira 80% ya kukwera kwa mphezi), ndipo circuit breaker ili ndi udindo wodula mzere mwachangu mkati mwa masekondi 0.1 pamene mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi ndi yayikulu kwambiri, kuti tipewe zolakwika zachiwiri zafupikitsa zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa SPD.

Phatikizani ndi zochitika zenizeni za mafakitale ku Southeast Asia kuti mumvetse bwino kufunika kosankha:

-Nkhani ya Paki Yamakampani ku Penang, Malaysia: Paki yamafakitale inali itakumana ndi mavuto ogawa magetsi mobwerezabwereza nthawi yamvula. Pambuyo pa mvula yamkuntho, mafakitale opitilira 60% anali ndi vuto la circuit breaker komanso kulephera kwa zida kuyamba. Ogwira ntchito ndi kukonza adapeza kuti zonse zomwe zawonongeka zinali ma circuit breaker wamba okhala ndi mphamvu zochepa, omwe insulation layer yawo inasweka ndi magetsi opangidwa ndi mphezi. Kukonza ndi kusintha kulikonse kumatenga masiku 1-2, ndipo kutayika kwapakati pa kupanga tsiku lililonse pa fakitale iliyonse kunali pafupifupi MYR 8,000. Nyengo yamvula ya 2025 isanafike, paki yamafakitale idamaliza kukonza zinthu zitatu: ① Ma Molded Case Circuit Breakers (MCCB) osankhidwa omwe mphezi sizingagwedezeke malinga ndi zochitika za fakitale; ② Ndinayika SPD yoyenera m'bokosi logawa kuti nditeteze kulumikizana; ③ Ndinayika zishango zosagwa mvula za ma circuit breaker a mizere yakunja. Pambuyo pa kukonzanso, paki yamafakitale idakumana ndi mvula yamkuntho 8 yayikulu, ndipo sipanakhalenso kuwonongeka kwa ma circuit breaker kapena kuwotcha zida. Kuphulika kamodzi kokha kunachitika, komwe kunabwezeretsedwanso mkati mwa mphindi 10, zomwe sizinawononge kupanga.

-Zowonjezera Chikumbutso Chosankha(Zisinthani bwino malinga ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana ndipo pewani misampha yosankha):

✅ Zochitika zakunja(malo opangira magetsi a photovoltaic, zipinda zogawa magetsi panja, mizere ya fakitale yakunja): Ikani patsogolo ma circuit breaker otetezedwa ndi mphezi okhala ndi mulingo wa IP54 kapena kupitirira apo ndipo amatha kupirira mphamvu ya ≥20kA, omwe amatha kupirira mvula ndi fumbi kulowa ndikusintha kutentha kwambiri komanso chinyezi chambiri nthawi yamvula ku Southeast Asia.

✅ Zochitika za m'nyumba(nyumba za maofesi, nyumba za maofesi, mafakitale ang'onoang'ono): Ma circuit breaker wamba otetezedwa ndi mphezi amatha kusankhidwa, koma ndikofunikira kuonetsetsa kuti akugwirizana ndi SPD (voltage yovomerezeka ya SPD iyenera kukhala yogwirizana ndi voltage yovomerezeka ya circuit breaker) kuti tipewe kulephera kwa chitetezo komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kusankha kosayenera.

Mfundo Yofunika 2: Onetsetsani Kuti Zipangizo Zoteteza Mphezi Zikugwirizana Kuti Mupewe Kuopsa Kobisika kwa "Kuteteza Malo Amodzi"

Kusamvetsetsana kofala kwa chitetezo cha mphezi m'mabizinesi ambiri ndi "chitetezo cha mfundo imodzi" - kungoyika ndodo za mphezi kapena kungosintha zotchingira ma circuit zotetezedwa ndi mphezi, koma kunyalanyaza kulumikizana kwadongosolo kwa zida zotetezera mphezi, zomwe pamapeto pake zimapangitsa kuti chitetezo chilephereke. Ndipotu, chitetezo cha mphezi nthawi yamvula chiyenera kupanga dongosolo lonse la "kulowerera kwakunja, kusinthasintha kwamkati, ndi chitetezo chakumapeto", chomwe chingagawidwe m'magawo atatu akuluakulu, pomwe kupewa zoopsa ziwiri zazikulu zobisika:

1. Pangani Dongosolo Lonse Loteteza Mphezi:Fotokozani bwino kulumikizana kwa ma core links anayi, omwe palibe amene akusowa. Kuletsa kwakunja: Kuletsa mphezi mwachindunji kumagunda kudzera mu ndodo za mphezi/zingwe za mphezi ndikulowetsa mphezi pansi;

2. Kusinthasintha kwamkati: Kumenyana kwa mphezi komwe kumayambitsidwa ndi kulowerera kwa mafunde a mphezi kudzera mu SPD pamzere;

3. Chitetezo cha terminal: Chotsekereza mawaya chimalumikizidwa ndi SPD kuti chichepetse mwachangu mafunde amphamvu komanso kuteteza zida ndi mizere;

4. Kutembenuza mphamvu ya mphezi kuti igwe pansi: Kutembenuza mphamvu ya mphezi mwachangu kupita pansi kudzera mu dongosolo loyenerera la mphezi kuti musasunge mphamvu ya mphezi.

5.Pewani Zoopsa Ziwiri Zobisika Zobwera Mobwerezabwereza(Nthawi zambiri zimanyalanyazidwa mosavuta koma nthawi zambiri zimayambitsa zolakwika). Kukana kwambiri nthaka: Mafotokozedwe amafuna kuti kukana nthaka kwa mafakitale ≤4Ω, ndi kwa nyumba zamaofesi ndi nyumba zokhalamo ≤10Ω; ngati kukana nthaka kuli kwakukulu kwambiri (monga kupitirira 10Ω), mphamvu ya mphezi singathe kusinthidwa mwachangu, zomwe zidzalowa m'dongosolo logawa magetsi ndikuwononga ma circuit breakers ndi zida.

6. Kulephera kwa kulumikizana kwa chipangizo: Ngati chosokoneza ma circuit sichikugwirizana ndi SPD, SPD ikaletsa kukwera kwa mafunde, sichingathe kudula mzerewo pakapita nthawi, zomwe zingayambitse kutopa kwa SPD kenako zimayambitsa kufupika kwa ma line ndikuwonjezera kutayika.

Phatikizani ndi zochitika zenizeni ku Southeast Asia kuti muwone momwe mungathetsere zoopsa zobisika zoteteza mphezi mwa kukonza njira yolumikizirana:

-Nkhani ya Fakitale Yokonza Zigawo Zamagalimoto ku Jakarta, Indonesia: Fakitale ili ndi zida zambiri zolondola monga ma mota ndi ma inverter, omwe amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kuphulika kwa mphezi. Kale, chifukwa chonyalanyaza chitetezo cha mphezi kutsogolo kwa zida, ma inverter atatu adatenthedwa ndi mphezi nthawi yamvula, ndipo kutayika kwapadera kwa MYR 100,000 kunachitika. Pambuyo pake, kukonza bwino kunachitidwa: kukhazikitsa SPD yapadera kutsogolo kwa zida, yolumikizidwa ndi ma circuit breaker ang'onoang'ono otetezedwa ndi mphezi kuti akwaniritse "chitetezo cha hierarchical ndi chitetezo cholondola". Pambuyo pa kusinthaku, sipanakhalenso kutopa kwa zida zolondola.

Kuphatikiza apo, pa mafakitale, zida monga ma mota, ma inverter, ndi zida zolondola zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kugwedezeka kwa mphezi. Kuphatikiza pa kuchita ntchito yabwino yoteteza mphezi ku kugawa kwakukulu kwa mphamvu ndi kugawa kwa mphamvu zochepa, ndikofunikiranso kuyika SPD yapadera kumapeto kwa zida, yolumikizidwa ndi zotsekera zazing'ono zotetezedwa ndi mphezi kuti zikwaniritse "chitetezo cha hierarchical ndi chitetezo cholondola", kuti zipewe kugunda kwa mphezi komwe kungalowe m'mizere ya zida ndikuwotcha zida zolondola.

Mfundo Yofunika 3: Kuyang'anira ndi Kukonza Tsiku ndi Tsiku Kuti Muthetse Mavuto Okhudza Chitetezo cha Mphezi Zoopsa Zobisika Pasadakhale

Mphepo yamkuntho imachitika kawirikawiri nthawi yamvula. Kuteteza mphezi kwa makina ogawa magetsi sikuti kumangofunika "kusankha zida zoyenera ndikuchita bwino polumikizana", komanso kumafunikira "kuyang'aniridwa tsiku ndi tsiku ndi kuthetsa mavuto pasadakhale" - malinga ndi ziwerengero, zolakwika zogawa magetsi zoposa 60% nthawi yamvula sizimachitika chifukwa cha kusasankha bwino zida, koma chifukwa chosasamalira bwino tsiku ndi tsiku, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zida zoteteza mphezi zisagwire ntchito bwino komanso kuchepa kwa magwiridwe antchito a makina ogawa magetsi. Makamaka m'malo otentha kwambiri komanso chinyezi chambiri a nyengo yamvula ku Southeast Asia, n'zosavuta kuyambitsa okosijeni kwa makina ogawa magetsi, kukalamba kwa zigawo zoteteza, kuchepa kwa magwiridwe antchito a SPD, komanso kumasuka kwa makina oyika magetsi.Pali mfundo zitatu zofunika kuziyang'anira ndi kukonza tsiku ndi tsiku, zomwe zafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane ndi milandu yeniyeni:

1.Kuyang'anira Circuit Breaker (Kamodzi pa Sabata, Kuyang'anira Kowonjezera Pambuyo pa Mphepo Yamkuntho) 

Kuwunika kofunikira: Ngati gawo loteteza kutentha lawonongeka, ngati zolumikiziranazo zasungunuka, komanso ngati njira yogwetsa ndi yovuta, kuti tipewe kukhudzana koyipa komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kusungunuka kwa kutentha komanso kusokonekera kwa kutentha.

✅ Chitsanzo cha Nkhani: Fakitale ya nsalu ku Penang, Malaysia, nthawi ina inali ndi vuto lomwe chotseka mawaya sichinathe kubwezeretsedwanso pambuyo poti chagwa molakwika nthawi yamvula. Kafukufukuyu adapeza kuti zolumikizira za chotseka mawaya zinali zokhuthala kwambiri chifukwa cha kutentha kwambiri komanso chinyezi chambiri. Cholakwika chilichonse chinapangitsa kuti ntchito iyimitsidwe kwa ola limodzi, ndikutayika kwa pafupifupi MYR 1,200. Pambuyo pake, njira yowunikira idakhazikitsidwa kuti iyeretse fumbi lolumikizana, kuyang'ana gawo loteteza kutentha sabata iliyonse, ndikusinthira ziwalo zokalamba pakapita nthawi, motero kuthetsa zolakwika zotere.

2.Kuyang'anira SPD (Kamodzi pa theka lililonse la mwezi)

Kuyang'ana kofunikira: Yang'anani momwe kuwala kwa chizindikiro kulili (kobiriwira = kwabwinobwino, kofiira = kulephera), yesani nthawi zonse momwe kuwalako kulili, ndikukusinthani nthawi yomweyo ngati kwalephera, kuti mupewe kutaya mphamvu yolumikizira mafunde chifukwa cha kulephera kwa SPD.

3.Kuyang'anira Dongosolo Lokhazikika (Kamodzi pamwezi, kamodzi masiku 10 aliwonse mu nyengo yamvula) 

Kuyang'anira kofunikira: Kaya electrode yokhazikika ndi yotayirira kapena yadzimbiri, yesani nthawi zonse kukana kwa nthaka kuti muwonetsetse kuti ikukwaniritsa zofunikira (mafakitale ≤4Ω, nyumba zamaofesi ndi nyumba zogona ≤10Ω). Mu nyengo yamvula, chinyezi cha nthaka chimakhala chokwera, kotero ndikofunikira kusintha ndikuwongolera nthawi yake kuti mupewe kuwonjezeka kwa kukana kwa nthaka.

Chachiwiri, yang'anani momwe SPD ilili, yang'anani ngati kuwala kosonyeza chizindikiro kuli bwino (kobiriwira ngati kuli bwino, kofiira ngati kuli kolephera), yang'anani nthawi zonse momwe SPD imagwirira ntchito, yang'anani kamodzi pa theka lililonse la mwezi mu nyengo yamvula, ndikuisintha nthawi yomweyo ngati yalephera. Supermarket inachita phokoso lalikulu chifukwa cha kulephera kwa SPD mu nyengo yamvula, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti magetsi azizimitsidwa kwa maola 4, ndipo inataya pafupifupi 30,000 RMB. Pambuyo pa chochitikachi, zinapezeka kuti SPD inali italephera kugwira ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali koma sinapezeke ndipo inasinthidwa pakapita nthawi, zomwe zinakhala chiopsezo cha chitetezo.

Chachitatu, yang'anani dongosolo lokhazikitsa nthaka, yang'anani ngati electrode yokhazikitsa nthaka ndi yotayirira kapena yadzimbiri, yesani nthawi zonse kukana kwa nthaka kuti muwonetsetse kuti ikukwaniritsa zofunikira (mafakitale a mafakitale ≤4Ω, nyumba zamaofesi ndi nyumba zogona ≤10Ω). Mu nyengo yamvula, chinyezi cha nthaka chimakhala chambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kukana kwa nthaka kuchuluke, kotero ndikofunikira kusintha ndikukonza bwino pakapita nthawi. Chipinda chogawa panja m'malo opangira mafakitale chinali ndi ma electrode otayirira otayirira nthawi yamvula, ndipo kukana kwa nthaka kunakwera kufika pa 12Ω. Mphepo yamkuntho itagwa, mphamvu ya mphezi sinathe kusinthidwa mwachangu, kuswa chotsegula ma circuit ndi SPD m'chipinda chogawa, ndi ndalama zosamalira zoposa 15,000 RMB. Pambuyo pake, dongosolo lokhazikitsa nthaka linkayang'aniridwa nthawi zonse, electrode yokhazikitsa nthaka inali yolimba pakapita nthawi, ndipo zipangizo zokhazikitsa nthaka zinawonjezeredwa kuti zitsimikizire kuti kukana kwa nthaka kunali kokhazikika mkati mwa muyezo wofunikira.